![]() Mature B lymphocytes exist as pools of intra-epithelial B1-type and follicular B2-type cells in the peripheral, secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. įritz Melchers, in The Autoimmune Diseases (Fifth Edition), 2014 Keratinocyte-derived exosomes were able to affect bone marrow dendritic cell phenotypes and interleukin production, indicating that this crosstalk between keratinocytes and dendritic cells using exosomes are important for immune system activation. Thus, this report suggests keratinocytes, via exosomes, may activate broad responses in T cells, independent of the stimulatory antigen. When keratinocytes were exposed to the antigen ovalbumin, they transferred it to their exosomes but interestingly these exosomes did not induce specific immune responses to T cells via the bone marrow dendritic cells. In another study, a murine keratinocyte cell line (MPEK cells) produced exosomes under both inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions and that these exosomes were absorbed by bone marrow dendritic cells (likely via direct fusion or other mechanisms-see previous chapters in this book for a discussion of these mechanisms of uptake), inducing a mature phenotype via increased CD40 expression and cytokine production, including IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 ( Fig. Exosomes are an important part of the communication system between the external environment and the immune system's response. Thus, keratinocytes use exosomes in order to prime T cells to respond to S. Following stimulation with interferon-γ, keratinocytes (previously loaded with staphylococcal aureus enterotoxin B) secreted exosomes to induce proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Exosomes can transfer antigens to recipient T cells keratinocyte exosomes contained MHC I and MHC II molecules and interact with T cells as a part of antigen presentation. In an experiment involving a transwell co-culture system, human keratinocytes can induce T cells to proliferation via indirect contact-via exosomes. Previous work suggests that keratinocytes support the proliferation of T cells after interaction with antigens. The major cell type of the epidermis, keratinocytes make up approximately 90% of the epidermis and act as non-professional antigen presenting cells and promote superantigen-induced proliferation of T cells. aureus induces the onset of inflammation, partly through secretion of its enterotoxin B. In both atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, for example, infection and colonization with S. #ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW SKIN#Exosomes from the skin play vital roles in the function of the immune system and response to infections. aureus are common among atopic dermatitis (eczema) patients, as their impaired skin barrier, increased inflammation, and poor skin hydration makes the skin more prone to infection. Staphylococcus aureus are common bacteria present on the healthy skin. The skin can be considered a large organ of the immune system, with cells each have different functions contributing to overall optimal immune system function. The interaction of the epithelium with microbiota utilizes exosomes to relay information to the immune system. ![]()
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